AEC
Class Assignments
Name: Jhankhanaba Gohil
Course: S.Y B.A (sem-4)
Subject: AEC
1.Spoken grammar?
Introduction
Spoken grammar means the grammar that we use while speaking in daily life. It is little bit different from written grammar. When we write English, we try to follow all grammar rules properly. But when we speak, we don’t always speak in full correct sentences. We use short forms, simple structures and sometimes we leave some words.
Spoken grammar is very important because in real life we mostly speak more than we write. If we know spoken grammar, we can speak more naturally and confidently. It helps us to communicate easily with others.
Importance of Spoken Grammar
1. Helpful in Real Life Communication
In daily life, we talk with friends, teachers, family members and others. In conversation, we don’t speak like book language. For example, we don’t say, “I am going to the market.” We usually say, “I’m going to the market.” So spoken grammar helps us to talk in a natural way.
2. Makes Speech Natural
If we always speak in very formal and full sentences, people may feel that our language is bookish. Spoken grammar allows us to speak in a relaxed and easy style. It makes our speech smooth and natural.
3. Improves Listening Skill
When native speakers talk, they speak fast and use short forms. If we don’t know spoken grammar, we may not understand them. For example, “What are you doing?” becomes “Whatcha doing?” So knowledge of spoken grammar helps us in understanding others.
4. Builds Confidence
When we know how spoken English works, we feel more confident while talking. We don’t hesitate too much. We can join conversation easily.
Main Features of Spoken Grammar
There are some special features of spoken grammar. They are different from written grammar.
1. Use of Contractions
In spoken English, contractions are very common. Contractions are short forms of words.
Examples:
I am → I’m
He is → He’s
They are → They’re
We have → We’ve
Cannot → Can’t
Would not → Wouldn’t
In daily speaking, we mostly use these short forms. If we don’t use contractions, our speech may sound very formal.
2. Ellipsis (Leaving Some Words)
In spoken English, sometimes we leave some words because the meaning is clear from situation. This is called ellipsis.
Example:
“Are you coming?” becomes “Coming?”
“Are you going to the store?” becomes “Going to the store?”
“I am tired.” – “Me too.”
Here, full sentence is not spoken, but still we understand the meaning.
Ellipsis makes conversation fast and simple.
3. Informal Questions
In written grammar, questions are made with proper structure.
Example:
“Where are you going?”
But in spoken English, we sometimes say:
“Where you going?”
“You going to college?”
This type of structure is common in daily conversation. It is not always correct in writing, but it is normal in speaking.
4. Use of Fillers
While speaking, we don’t always think quickly. So we use some words to fill the gap. These are called fillers.
Examples:
Um
Uh
You know
Like
Well
I mean
Example sentence: “Well, I think we should go now.” “Like, I was just saying…”
Fillers help us to think, but we should not overuse them.
5. Tag Questions
Tag questions are very common in spoken English. We use them to confirm something.
Examples:
You are coming, aren’t you?
It’s very hot today, isn’t it?
She finished the work, didn’t she?
Tag questions show emotion and interest. They are mostly used in conversation.
6. Short Responses
In spoken grammar, we don’t always repeat full sentence. We give short answers.
Example:
“Are you ready?” – “Yes.”
“I love tea.” – “Me too.”
“I can’t swim.” – “Neither can I.”
These short replies are part of spoken grammar and make conversation quick.
7. Simple Tenses in Speaking
In spoken English, people sometimes use simple tense instead of perfect tense.
Example:
Written: “I have completed my work.”
Spoken: “I finished my work.”
Written: “She has not done her homework yet.”
Spoken: “She didn’t do her homework yet.”
In daily talk, people prefer simple structure.
8. Simple Sentence Structure
In spoken grammar, sentences are usually short and simple.
Written: “The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting.”
Spoken: “The book I bought yesterday is very interesting.”
Written: “The car was repaired by my brother.” Spoken: “My brother fixed the car.”
People avoid long and complex sentences in speaking.
9. Intonation and Pronunciation
In spoken grammar, tone and stress are very important. The meaning can change with voice.
Example:
“You’re coming?” (Rising tone – question)
“You’re coming.” (Falling tone – statement)
Also, sometimes words join together in fast speech.
Example:
“Want to” becomes “Wanna”
“Going to” becomes “Gonna”
These are common in informal speech.
How to Improve Spoken Grammar
There are some easy ways to improve spoken grammar.
1. Active Listening
We should listen to English movies, songs, interviews and conversations. By listening carefully, we learn how people speak in real life.
2. Practice Speaking
Practice is very important. We should speak in English daily with friends or family. Even small conversation helps.
3. Imitation
We can copy how native speakers speak. Try to repeat their pronunciation and style.
4. Focus on Fluency
We should not worry too much about perfect grammar while speaking. First focus on fluency and confidence. Slowly grammar will improve.
5. Use Simple Sentences
Try to speak in short and simple sentences. It is better than speaking long incorrect sentences.
Conclusion
Spoken grammar is an important part of learning English. It is different from written grammar because it is more informal and flexible. It includes contractions, ellipsis, fillers, tag questions and simple structures.
If we want to speak English fluently and confidently, we must understand spoken grammar. It helps us in real-life communication and improves our listening and speaking skills.
In the end, spoken grammar is not about being perfect. It is about communicating clearly and naturally. With regular practice and listening, we can improve our spoken grammar step by step.
Homeassignment
2. Adjective?
Introduction
Language helps us express our thoughts and feelings clearly. In English grammar, different parts of speech are used to form meaningful sentences. One important part of speech is the adjective. Adjectives make our language more interesting and descriptive. Without adjectives, sentences would be very plain and simple.
An adjective gives more information about a noun or pronoun. It tells us about the quality, quantity, number, size, shape, colour, or condition of a person, place, animal, or thing. By using adjectives, we can describe things more clearly and make communication better.
For example:
She has a beautiful dress.
This is a big house.
I saw three birds.
In these sentences, the words beautiful, big, and three are adjectives because they describe the noun.
Definition of Adjective
An adjective is a word that describes or modifies a noun or pronoun. It gives extra information about the noun.
In simple words, an adjective tells us what kind, how many, or which one.
Example:
Riya is a kind girl.
He bought five apples.
That is a tall building.
Here, the words kind, five, and tall are adjectives because they describe the nouns.
Examples of Adjectives in Sentences
The red flower is very beautiful.
Rahul has a new bicycle.
She is a smart student.
I have two brothers.
This is a large room.
In these sentences, the adjectives describe the nouns and give us more information.
Types of Adjectives
There are different types of adjectives in English grammar.
1. Adjective of Quality
An adjective of quality tells us about the nature or quality of a person or thing.
Examples:
She is a kind woman.
This is a beautiful garden.
He is a brave soldier.
Words like kind, beautiful, brave show the quality of the noun.
2. Adjective of Quantity
An adjective of quantity tells us how much of something is present.
Examples:
I have some money.
She drank little water.
We have enough food.
These adjectives do not tell the exact number but indicate quantity.
3. Adjective of Number
An adjective of number tells us how many persons or things are there.
Examples:
I bought three books.
She has two sisters.
Many students attended the class.
Here three, two, many are adjectives of number.
4. Demonstrative Adjective
Demonstrative adjectives point out specific persons or things.
Examples:
This book is mine.
That house is very big.
These flowers are beautiful.
Those birds are flying.
Words like this, that, these, those are demonstrative adjectives.
5. Possessive Adjective
Possessive adjectives show possession or ownership.
Examples:
This is my pen.
That is her bag.
Their house is very large.
Words like my, her, their, our are possessive adjectives.
Comparison of Adjectives
Adjectives can also show comparison between people or things. There are three degrees of comparison.
1. Positive Degree
The positive degree shows the simple form of an adjective.
Example:
Ram is tall.
2. Comparative Degree
The comparative degree compares two persons or things.
Example:
Ram is taller than Shyam.
3. Superlative Degree
The superlative degree compares more than two persons or things.
Example:
Ram is the tallest boy in the class.
Another example:
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
tall
taller
tallest
big
bigger
biggest
happy
happier
happiest
Importance of Adjectives
Adjectives are very important in English language. They help us describe people and things clearly. Without adjectives, our sentences would be very simple and boring.
For example:
Without adjective:
She has a dress.
With adjective:
She has a beautiful red dress.
In the second sentence, the meaning becomes clearer and more interesting.
Adjectives also help in storytelling, writing essays, and daily communication.
Conclusion
To conclude, an adjective is an important part of speech in English grammar. It describes a noun or pronoun and gives more information about it. Adjectives help us express ideas more clearly and make sentences more interesting.
There are different types of adjectives such as adjective of quality, quantity, number, demonstrative, and possessive adjectives. Adjectives also have three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative, and superlative.
Therefore, learning adjectives is very important for improving our English language skills. By using adjectives correctly, we can make our speaking and writing more effective and meaningful.
